Homicide and corpse dismemberment: A study of one case

Introduction

Homicide is a wrongful criminal act likely to be perpetrated at any time and in any place. In most cases, the criminal’s major concern is concealing his act.

Dismembering is fragmentation or disintegration of the body or parts of the body. ^[1], ^[2] To commit this misdeed, aggressors use sharp items of all kinds (a saw, knife, cutlass, etc.); it may consider articulations (disarticulations). Depending on the purpose and motivations behind a homicide, a distinction is usually made between ,“defensive mutilation”, the reason for which is to dispose of the body and/or make its identification more difficult; “ײaggressive mutilation,״ in which the murder and mutilation are caused by indignation;

ײoffensive mutilation״, in which dismembering corpse is the real purpose of the killer, and in which mutilation may begin while the victim is still alive and may continue after the murder; and “necro-maniac mutilation״, in which parts of the body are used by the aggressor as an object for sexual gratification.^[1], ^[3], ^[4], ^[5] Defensive mutilation is the most common form of mutilation.^[4], ^[5]

In West Africa, there are very few dismemberment cases. We report one case in which a corpse was discovered alongside the corniche of Dakar. Examination of the body and forensic autopsy helped identify the motives behind the dismemberment.

Observation

Examination of the body

Examination of the body and the bag contents revealed a young adult African female. The contents were inventoried, and 13 body parts were identified ([Figure 1], [Figure 2]) resulting from the following ײdisarticulations 1: 1 decapitation with disarticulation of inter-vertebral discs (C4–C5), 2 disarticulations of the scapulohumeral joints, 1 disarticulation of the right elbow, 2 disarticulations of the radiocarpal joints, 2 coxofemoral disarticulations, 2 disarticulations of the femorotibial joints, and 2 disarticulations of the tibia and talus joints. The condition of the body parts suggested a recent death.  

Autopsy and crime scene reconstruction

During the actual autopsy ([Figure 3]), crime scene reconstruction was performed. The pieces of body were in a good state of conservation. Dermabrasions were identified at the chin level. Section planes did not present bruising or ecchymosis; they respected the articulations, thus mimicking real disarticulations.

The costosternal breastplate was opened, and the left lung presented with ecchymosis lesions ([Figure 4] ). These injuries were compatible with mechanical asphyxia.

At the digestive system level, the gastric contents consisted of food. We did not note any damage to the mucosa. The rest of the examination did not show other traumatic injuries or abnormalities likely to be lethal.

The autopsy revealed a violent death by mechanical asphyxia, specifically involving suffocation. The absence of ecchymosis in the section planes indicated that dismemberment had been done after death.

From a forensic point of view, there was no doubt about that the death was criminal.

Discussion

Dismemberment is a procedure that an aggressor uses to cut up the human body into many fragments for various reasons. This term does not apply when body parts are separated during a traffic accident or explosion. Corpse dismemberment is a punishable offence distinct from homicide because it breaches the inviolability of and respect due to human remains.^[6]

The concealment of a dead body seems to be the main purpose; this is done to impede the identification of the victim. Most dismemberment procedures reported by Konopka and Rajs^[7] show defensive mutilation. By cutting the corpse, the aggressor is mainly motivated by the necessity of removing the body from the location of the homicide. This also specifies the typical postmortem nature of dismemberment.

The analysis of the aggressor profile allows us to argue that in most cases, the murderer is someone known by the victim.^[1], ^[3] This proximity is a reason for criminal mutilation.^[3]

The use of sharp items is necessary (a kitchen knife or cutlass); this case is a perfect illustration. Some authors have also reported the use of a chainsaw^[8] or sharp items and blunt objects. According to Nunzio et al.,^[9] knives are the most commonly used weapons in cases of offensive dismemberment, and before this type of dismemberment, excess power is usually exerted, thus illustrating the lethal rampage of the murderer.

The cause of death differs depending on the series of events. We referred to our case as traumatic asphyxia. Zerbo^[10] specifies in his case that death resulted from traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused using sharp items and blunt objects.

Conclusion

Dismembering corpses is a highly uncommon procedure in West Africa; however, it is often the result of an attempt to hide a dead body after homicide. This mutilation usually happens where the murder took place without any prior planning by the aggressor, and in most cases, mutilation is practised as a postmortem procedure.

Conflict of Interest

The authors of this paper hereby certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial or non-financial interest.